.

. , . . - .

= dma = - /

= - /

= /

. ,

= / .

., - .

Parfit and Collins / .:

1. ()- % , , .

2. ( ) (q)- % , , .

3. (r) - - 1- .

: dm = . (p) * . (q)* . (r)

:

1. (a) % , .

2. (b) - % , , , .

:

.

, .

: dmt+1 = a dmt + b(1- dmt),

: dm =b / (1- a +b)